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Gundred, Countess of Surrey
Gundred or Gundreda (Latin: Gundrada) (died 27 May 1085)〔G. E. Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', vol. xii/1 (The St. Catherine Press, London, 1953), p. 494〕 was the Flemish-born wife of an early Norman baron, William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey. She and her husband established Lewes Priory in Sussex.
==Life==
Gundred was almost certainly born in Flanders, and was not a sister of (the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester|Gerbod the Fleming who was not an Earl but only a keeper for 1 year in Chester ),which has not been proven but only remarked about by Ordericus Vitalis in his erroneous work on The conqueror and William De Warren and his wife Gundrada. Source Reverend Thomas Warrens History of the Warren family. 1st Earl of Chester.〔''Early Yorkshire Charters'', ed: William Farrer, Charles Travis Clay, Volume VIII - The Honour of Warenne (The Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1949), pp. 40-46〕〔F. Anderson, ''Uxor Mea: The First Wife of the First William of Warenne'', Sussex archaeological collections, Vol. 130 (Sussex Archaeological Society, 1992) pp. 107-8〕〔Elisabeth van Houts, 'Epitaph of Gundrada of Warenne', ''Nova de Veteribus, Mitel-und neulateinische Studien fur Paul Gerhard Schmidt'' (K.G. Saur, Munchen Leipzig, 2004), p. 372〕〔P. Anselme de Sainte-Marie, ''Histoire de la maison royale de France et des grands officiers de la Couronne'', V.6 (Estienne Loyson, 1674), p. 26〕 She is explicitly so called by Orderic Vitalis,〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy''which has been marred by several errors by this seventy year old man who recorded his history 100 years after the conquest., Translated by Thomas Forester, Vol. ii, (Henry G. Bohn, London, MDCCCLIV (1854), p. 49〕 as well as the chronicle of Hyde Abbey〔Hyde Abbey, ''Liber Monasterii de Hyda: Comprising a Chronicle of the affairs of England'', (Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, 1866), p. xcvii. ''Note: the anonymous Hyde chronicler identified two of Gundred's brothers, Gerbod, Earl of Cheeter and Frederick''.〕 She was also sister of Frederick of Oosterzele-Scheldewindeke, who was killed c.1070 by Hereward the Wake.〔Elisabeth van Houts, 'Frederick, Brother-in-Law of William of Warenne', ''Anglo-Saxon England'', Vol. 28 (1999), pp. 218-220〕 Legends based in part on late Lewes priory cartulary〔The reference here to late Lewes priory cartulary is to copies of charters that date centuries after the originals and specifically those which had been altered or forged to add the desired evidence she was the daughter of royalty. For more information on these forged charters see: ''English Historical Documents 1042-1189'', ed. David C. Douglas, George W. Greenaway, Vol. II (Oxford University Press, New York, 1953), p. 605; L.C. Loyd, 'The Origin of the Family of Warenne' ‘’Yorks Archaeol. Journal’’, vol. xxxi, pp. 97-113; and C. T. Clay, ‘'Early Yorkshire Charters’’, vol. VIII (1949)'', pp. 59.-62.〕 suggested Gundred was a daughter of William the Conqueror by his spouse Matilda of Flanderswhich the King himse;lf states that Gundrada is "Filea Meai" (daughter ) on more than one charter and occasion, ref Reverend Thomas Warren History of the Warren Family,〔George Duckett, 'Observations on the Parentage of Gundreda, Countess of Warenne', ''The Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal'', Vol. ix, Part xxxiii, 1885, pp. 421-437 ''Note: Sir George Duckett, Bart., was the leading proponent of the theory that Gundred was the daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda''〕 but this is not accepted by most modern historians (historians not NORMAN ).〔G. E. Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', vol. xii/1 (The St. Catherine Press, London, 1953), p. 494 note (j)〕〔David C. Doulgas, ''William the Conqueror'' (University of California Press, 1964), p. 392〕 The early-19th-century writer Thomas Stapleton had argued she was a daughter of Matilda, born prior to her marriage to Duke William.〔Stapleton, Thomas, 'Observations in disproof of the pretended marriage of William de Warren, Earl of Surrey, with a daughter begotten of Matildis, daughter of Baldwin, Comte of Flanders, by William the Conqueror, and illustrative of the origin and early history of the family in Normandy', ''The Archaeological Journal'' 3 (1846):1-26 ''Note: despite the confusing title Stapleton's theory was that Gundred was a daughter of Matilda of Flanders by an earlier marriage''.〕 This sparked a debate consisting of a series of published papers culminating with those of Edmond Chester Waters and Edward Augustus Freeman who argued the theories could not be supported.〔Edmond Chester Waters, 'Gundrada de Warenne', ''The Archaeological Journal'', Vol. xli (London, 1884), pp. 300-312〕〔Edward A. Freeman, 'The Parentage of Gundrada, Wife of William of Warren', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 3, No. 12 (Oct., 1888), pp. 680-701〕〔For an extensive discussion regarding the participants of this nineteenth-century debate see : Victoria Chandler, 'Gundrada de Warenne and the Victorian Gentlemen-Scholars', ''Southern History'', Vol. 12 (1990), pp. 68-81〕 Regardless, some genealogical and historical sources continue to make the assertion that she was the Conqueror's daughter.〔''American Biography''; a New Cyclopedia, Vol. ix (The American Historial Society, New York, 1921)p. 276〕〔''Colonial Families of the United States of America'', ed. Nelson Osgood Rhoades, Vol. VII (Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, 1966). pp. 319, 347〕〔Rene Beckley, ''Ancient Walls of East Anglia'' (Terence Dalton, Ltd., Lavenham, Suffolk, 1979), p. 66〕〔Charles Cooper, ''A village in Sussex: the history of Kingston-near-Lewes'' (I.B. Taurus, London, 2006), p. 44〕
Gundred married before 1070〔Elisabeth van Houts, 'The Warenne View of the Past 1066-1203)', ''Anglo-Norman Studies XXIV, Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003'', Vol. 26 (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2004), p. 104 & n. 8〕 William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey (d. 20 June 1088),〔 who rebuilt Lewes Castle, making it his chief residence. Sometime between 1078 and 1082,〔''Early Yorkshire Charters'', ed: William Farrer, Charles Travis Clay, Volume VIII - The Honour of Warenne (The Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1949), p. 4〕 Gundrada and her husband set out for Rome visiting monasteries along the way. In Burgundy they were unable to go any further due to a war between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. They visited Cluny Abbey and were impressed with the monks and their dedication. William and Gundred decided to found a Cluniac priory on their own lands in England. They sent to Hugh the abbot of Cluny for monks to come to England at their monastery. Hugh was reluctant yet eventually sent several monks including Lazlo who became the first abbot. The house they founded was Lewes Priory dedicated to St. Pancras.〔B. Golding, 'The Coming of the Cluniacs', ''Anglo-Norman Studies III; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1980'', Vol. iii (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1981), pp. 65, 67〕〔''Early Yorkshire Charters'', ed: William Farrer, Charles Travis Clay, Volume VIII - The Honour of Warenne (The Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1949), pp. 50-55〕 Gundred died in childbirth 27 May 1085 at Castle Acre, Norfolk, one of her husband's estates, and was buried at the Chapter house of Lewes Priory.〔〔 He was later buried beside her.〔G. E. Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', vol. xii/1 (The St. Catherine Press, London, 1953), p. 495 note (b)〕
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